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Friction is a force that opposes motion. Physicists distinguish between static friction, which acts to keep a body at rest, and kinetic friction, which acts to slow down its motion once it begins moving. The force exerted by static friction (_Fs) is proportional to the perpendicular force exerted by a body against the surface along which it’s moving, which is called the normal force (FN). The proportionality factor is called the coefficient of static fraction, which is usually denoted by the Greek letter mu with a subscript s (µs_). The mathematical relation is:
(F_s=mu_s F_N)
This coefficient depends on the characteristics of the two surfaces that are in contact with each other. It has been tabulated for a number of different materials. If you can’t find µs for the materials you’re using, you can determine it with a simple experiment.
TL;DR (Too Long; Didn’t Read)
**TL;DR (Too Long; Didn’t Read)**
To find the minimum coefficient of static friction between two materials, construct an incline plane from one of the materials and place a body made from the other material on it. Increase the angle of the incline until the body starts to slide. The tangent of the angle is the coefficient of friction.
Use an Inclined Plane
A simple way to determine _µs is to place the object in question on an inclined plane made of the same material as the surface you’re studying. Gradually increase the angle of the incline until the object starts to slide. Record that angle. You can immediately find µs_ because it is equal to the tangent of the angle. Here’s why:
As you raise the incline, the force of gravity acting on a body of mass m has a horizontal and a vertical component. Applying Newton’s Law to each of these just before the body starts to move, you find the horizontal component (which acts in the x-direction) to be _Fx = max. The same is true in the y direction: Fy = may_.
The acceleration in the x-direction, _max, is equal to the force of gravity, which is mass times acceleration due to gravity (g) times the sine of the angle (ø_) formed at the fulcrum of the incline. Since the body is not moving, this is equal to the opposing force of static friction, and you can write:
(1. mgsin{theta}=F_s)
The y-direction component of force, _may_, is equal to the cosine of the angle times the mass times the acceleration due to gravity, and this must equal the normal force, since the body isn’t moving,
(2. F_N=mgcos{theta})
Remember that _Fs = µsFN. Substitute for Fs_ in equation (1):
(mgsin{theta}=mu_s F_N)
and use the equality to equation (2) to substitute for _FN_:
(mgsin{theta}=mu_s mg cos{theta})
The term “mg” cancels from both sides:
(mu_s=frac{sin{theta}}{cos{theta}}=tan{theta})
