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Whether it’s an egg drop or a crash test, finding a suitable substance to absorb impact can be the difference between a compelling demonstration and a failed test. Many commercial substances provide shock absorption, but most are not available to…
About 25 percent of all squirrels don’t make it past the first year of life. The death rate for squirrels stays high for its first two years of life due to predators, diseases and road accidents. A squirrel that makes…
Cardinals, known for their bright red feathers, are found in the eastern portion of North America. They are hunted and eaten by a variety of predators, including large birds, various mammals and certain reptiles. Cardinals are eaten when they are…
When you’re reading a map, it’s helpful to know the relative size of features on the map compared to their sizes in real life. That’s where scale bars come in handy. You can draw a scale bar when making a…
The study of animal behavior, called ethology, is a broad field, encompassing both instinctual and learned behaviors as well as abnormal behaviors. Within any particular species of animal, certain behaviors may be present in all members while others are more…
The tundra is a cold, sparse environment. Tundras are typically flat areas that have been molded by ice and winter frosts. Tundra biomes lack trees and the plants that do live there have short growing seasons due to the harsh…
What are the plant pigments found in spinach leaves? There are several, and a simple laboratory experiment can provide an answer to this question. Using thin-layer chromatography, a non-chemical process that utilizes physical interactions between different molecules to sort them,…
A square is a figure with four equal length sides, and the perimeter of a square is the total distance around the outside of the shape. Calculate the perimeter by adding all four sides together. The area of a square…
Organic chemists use a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or NMR for short, to analyze organic molecules based on hydrogen and carbon. The test results in a deceptively simple graph show a peak for each atom in the molecule.…
Some chemical reactions release energy by heat. In other words, they transfer heat to their surroundings. These are known as **exothermic** reactions: “Exo” relates to external, or outside, and “thermic” means heat. Some examples of exothermic reactions include combustion (burning),…
