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Discovering a fossil can feel like stumbling upon a great treasure and it really is quite a special find. Fossils can be formed from animal bones, leaves and shells, they are naturally formed and they are a pressing or an…
A mutually exclusive event is one wherein two events cannot happen at the same time (e.g. getting heads and tails in a single coin toss), a mutually inclusive event allows both events to occur in a single trial (e.g. drawing…
If something is a physical property, it is possible to measure the property through observation that does not irreversibly changing the material that has the property. Chemical properties, on the other hand, are attributes of a substance that allow for…
Microscopes allow people to look at objects that are too small to be seen by just the human eye. Scientists use microscopes to collect data for experiments or to examine samples, which are sometimes called specimens. The field of microscopy…
Once you start doing trigonometry and calculus, you may run into trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent. Playing trial and error with charts or a calculator to find the answer to trigonometric equations would range from a drawn-out nightmare…
Types of mechanical weathering, also called physical weathering, fall into two primary categories: fracturing and abrasion. It’s often also related to other kinds of weathering: like biological weathering – which includes the wedging-apart of rocks by plant roots and lichen…
Most people understand the basics of cold and warm fronts: Passage of a cold front cools things down, and passage of a warm front warms things up. But warm fronts and cold fronts don’t simply follow one another in an…
The long, twisty helix that is human DNA might be one of the greatest mysteries in the universe, so it’s no surprise that the study of genetics is a complex field. When we look at a genotype – a representation…
Autotrophs and heterotrophs are two important categories of living organisms on Earth. Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to extract raw carbon from the atmosphere and turn it into energy-rich compounds, producing their own fuel; by contrast, heterotrophs are…
When discussing the composition of the Earth as a whole, geologists conceptually divide the Earth into several layers. One of these layers is the crust, which is the outermost part of the planet. The lithosphere is not an individual layer,…
