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Phosphorous was invented by accident by alchemist Hennig Brandt In 1669, while trying to make a philosopher’s stone (a mythical substance which could turn base metal into gold). Since the time of Brandt, newer methods for producing phosphorus have been…
Known as the “King of the Jungle,” lions can actually live in many different types of habitat and in many ecosystems. In every place they live, lions are among the predators at the top of the food chain, and have…
The electrons in an atom’s outermost shell, its valence electrons, are most important in determining its chemistry. Nonetheless, if you are writing electron configurations, you’ll need to take inner shell electrons into consideration as well. Inner shell electrons are any…
A delta angle, a term well known to civil engineers, is a measurement used in designing roadways. The delta angle is used to make other relevant calculations, or it can be determined using known measurements. Definition A delta angle is…
If you know the specific gravity of a solid or liquid, you can easily calculate its density, and then its weight. Specific gravity equals the density of the solid or liquid divided by the density of water at a specific…
Older newspaper inks have been known to be toxic, but most modern inks have a base of soy or water. Not all newspapers are necessarily safe, however. Some newspapers might still use dangerous petroleum-based inks with a high amount of…
Molecules can be represented empirically as well as structurally. Chemists use the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) model for molecular geometry, or, the determination of a molecule’s physical shape. This model takes into account the number of bond sites…
The bobcat (Lynxus rufus) and the coyote (Canis latrans) are two predators that share a similar range. The coyote exists throughout all of the United States, southern Canada and into Alaska, while the bobcat inhabits much of the same territory…
As you tackle gardening or home improvement projects, often you must perform calculations to determine quantities of materials you will need. A common calculation involves converting cubic feet into yards. Because retailers sell materials such as topsoil, mulch and cement…
Air conditioning engineers must consider how their devices impact the temperature of the air, which is partially determined by the heat content–measured in kilojoules (kJ) per kilogram (kg)–of the air. Heat content, or enthalpy, of air has two components: the…
