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Until the mid-1800s, lighting a fire was a painstaking and frustrating process. Tinder—shredded wood pulp, dried grass or wool—had to be ignited with sparks created by striking a coarse stone against steel then stoked with oxygen into a small flame…
Concepts such as mean and deviation are to statistics what dough, tomato sauce and mozzarella cheese are to pizza: Simple in principle, but having such a variety of interrelated applications that it is easy to lose track of basic terminology…
Individual atoms and molecules, the building blocks of matter, are too small to measure using macroscopic instruments or units, so scientists express mass using Atomic Mass Units, usually shortened to amu or AMU. In the real world, however, the use…
Although it’s slightly flattened at the poles, the Earth is basically a sphere, and on a spherical surface, you can express the distance between two points in terms of both an angle and a linear distance. The conversion is possible…
A “gram” (g) is the basic unit of measurement of mass used in the metric system. “Nanograms” (ng) and “milligrams” (mg) are both units of grams. “Nano” means one-billionth. Therefore, a nanogram is a billionth of a gram. “Milli” means…
Gold was the first metal widely known to humans, as it exists in its natural state and could be found as yellow nuggets in riverbeds. Egyptians began mining gold in 2,000 B.C.E. For centuries, alchemists tried to turn other metals,…
As the name implies, the grasslands are full of many types of grasses. Well, that is to say if you call them grasslands, as they go by many names throughout the world, including prairies, pampas, steppes and savannas. Perhaps the…
Tigers, which are well-known for their power and strength, are the largest members of the cat family. There are now five sub-species of tiger and these are all endangered species. Tigers hunt buffalo, deer and other large mammals. In order…
Three kind of animals that have wings, or appendages that are most often used for flight. They are birds, insects and bats. Scientists aren’t sure why animals developed wings, but speculate that it might have been to better escape predators…
The circumference of a circle is directly proportional to its radius. The ratio between a circle’s circumference and its diameter is pi, a constant that equals approximately 3.142. The circle’s diameter, in turn equals twice the radius. A regular solid…
