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Although we live in, move through and see a world of three dimensions, most of the representations of that world are two dimensional. We view drawings or photographs on flat paper or computer screens. Even our 3-D visual observation of…
Ecosystems are made up of a variety of living organisms as well as nonliving factors such as water, sunlight and rock. Animals play essential roles in the formation and maintenance of the ecosystems they live in. For example, one ecological…
Numerous schemes exist for dividing Earth’s vast land area into helpful categories that combine geography with political considerations. While seven distinct continents exist, one of them, Antarctica, is uninhabited save for research stations and is not included in most formal…
In statistics, the letter “p” denotes the probability of a certain event occurring or a certain parameter being true for a certain population, but when a population is large, it may be impractical or impossible to measure it directly. As…
Deep in the ocean, the pressure is high and the temperatures are low. However, plants and animals can still thrive in those places that were once seen as impossible for sustaining life. Far fewer varieties of plants live in the…
A mostly undeserved reputation as dangerous to people and an occasional, somewhat overhyped taste for livestock has made the gray wolf one of the most feared and hated creatures on the planet. Human persecution has greatly reduced its North American…
Lipids create a unique type of polymer, known for being a key component of cell membranes and hormones. Where most polymers are long chains of identical, repeating carbon-containing molecules known as monomers, lipid polymers contain an additional, nonidentical molecule attached…
A tablespoon, denoted as “tbsp.,” is a unit of volume often used in cooking recipes. The United States customary system defines that 1 tbsp. is equal to one-half of a liquid ounce. However, a powder, such as sugar or salt,…
Accounting for some 330 million cubic miles, the pelagic zone – the offshore waters of the ocean – is the world’s most extensive habitat. Although vast reaches of it are relatively barren compared to the lively richness of coastal realms,…
Protractors and compasses are both basic tools for geometric drawing. Students work with them in math classes, while drafting professionals use them on the job. Both tools measure and draw angles and measure distances on maps. But their histories and…
