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Friction is a force that opposes motion. Physicists distinguish between static friction, which acts to keep a body at rest, and kinetic friction, which acts to slow down its motion once it begins moving. The force exerted by static friction…
Growing flowers from coal might sound impossible, but it is actually an easy procedure. Although the so-called flowers are really only crystals, they look like dainty snowflakes and are thus called flowers. In the late 1800s, some coal miners’ wives,…
A black hole is an invisible entity in space with a gravity pull so strong that light cannot escape. Black holes are formerly “ordinary” stars stars that have burned out or been compressed. The pull is strong due to the…
The Earth’s rivers, lakes and streams are home to a wide variety of different freshwater animals and plants. A single aquatic ecosystem can support hundreds of different species, and different freshwater ecosystems exist around the globe. North American rivers and…
Rectangles have four sides, and generally the adjacent sides are not equal. Knowing the measurements of the two sides allows you to create a ratio of the rectangle. This tells you how much bigger one side is compared to the…
Whole numbers are the numbers you learned to count with, starting with zero and going up: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. As the name suggests, no fractions or decimals are involved in whole numbers, but you may…
Life on Earth swims at the bottom of an ocean of air. Visitors from elsewhere in the solar system would not find Earth’s atmosphere inviting. Even Earth’s earliest life forms would find Earth’s current air mass toxic. Yet Earth’s inhabitants…
Torque is a way of measuring rotational, twisting or turning force; if you’ve ever heard people talking about how tight to make the lug nuts on their car tires, that’s an example of torque. When measured in English or U.S.…
The photic zone extends from the surface of the ocean to the depth where light is too dim for photosynthesis, on average 200 meters deep. This is similar to the epipelagic zone and sometimes the two are considered equivalent. The…
The DNA molecule comes in a twisted ladder shape called a double helix. DNA is made up of subunits known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. Four different bases make up…
