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Because of its proximity to the sun, Earth’s surface temperature varies widely from the poles to the equator, but the situation is different on Saturn where the sun appears in the sky as a bright star. On the surface, Saturn’s…
Sometimes two compounds have similar-sounding names but would be disastrous if confused. Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol are two of these substances. While the first is a common ingredient in medications, the latter is a highly toxic industrial product. TL;DR…
If your recipe calls for baking your cake at 400 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of 45 minutes, and the oven’s temperature dial only reads in Celsius, you are not out of luck. Converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius follows a…
Since they were introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916, chemists have been using Lewis dot diagrams to represent the bonding of covalent molecules and coordination complexes. You represent valence electrons as dots and arrange them in such a way…
In biological reactions, enzymes function much like catalysts, providing alternative pathways for reactions to occur and speeding up the overall process. An enzyme works within a substrate, and its ability to increase the velocity of the reaction depends on how…
When you think of scorpions, you probably picture the arid deserts of the southwestern United States. In fact, of the approximately 90 different species of scorpions native to North America, a whopping 86 species live west of the Mississippi River.…
Excel spreadsheets display a series of number or pound signs like ##### in a cell when the column isn’t big enough to display the information. It also happens if you have a cell formatted to display something different than what…
The nautilus and the ammonite are similar organisms. Both are aquatic molluscs with spiral shells. Ammonites, however, have been extinct since the K-T event that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago while the nautilus still roams the seas. There…
In general, pressure is a force acting on a surface area; the psi unit measures pressure as pounds of force and square inches of area. Absolute pressure, which is what “psi” usually represents, takes into account the atmospheric pressure that…
Jellyfish are clear, dome-shaped aquatic creatures. Throughout the watery areas of the world lie hundreds of different jellyfish species. Although very simple in physiology, jellyfish can be very beautiful and peaceful looking. They also sport many interesting adaptations to help…
