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Fractions are comprised of a numerator and a denominator. The denominator represents the number of parts that make up one whole, and the numerator represents the number of those parts in the fraction. For example, 3/5 would mean that five…
Putting salt on ice cubes makes them colder. This may seem strange, but ice cream makers have known this for as long as they have plied their trade. If you’ve never had ice cream made the old-fashioned way, with salt,…
A calculator can make many mathematical tasks easier. One such task is the division of percentages. You find percentages in many areas of life, such as in shopping when you see a sign for a certain percentage off the price…
The Pythagorean Theorem is a statement in geometry that shows the relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right triangle – a triangle with one 90-degree angle. The right triangle equation is **a2 + b2 = c2.** Being…
Whenever you convert from one unit to another, you need a conversion factor. For example, when you convert from minutes to seconds, you use the fact that in one minute there are 60 seconds. You need to know the same…
In mathematics, the natural logarithm is a logarithm in base e, where e is the number approximately equal to 2.71828183. Mathematicians use the notation Ln(x) to indicate the natural logarithm of a positive number x. Most calculators have buttons for…
Compared to the SI (metric) system of measurement, the imperial system is a hodgepodge of different units. People in the United States of the future will hopefully recognize the elegance of the metric system and relegate the imperial system to…
The simplest way to establish the pH of a substance – to figure out whether it is acidic or alkaline – is to use red and blue litmus papers. Red litmus paper reacts to alkaline substances by turning blue, while…
Many sea animals eat algae around the globe, from small crustaceans, including bristle worms (Polychaeta) and snails (Gastropoda), to large mammals such as manatees (Trichechus spp.). Seaweed is a valuable food source for sea animals that eat algae – full…
Weathering processes crack, wear away, and weaken rocks. Over time, it may cause large changes to the landscape. Physical and chemical weathering degrade rocks in different ways. While physical weathering breaks down a rock’s physical structure, chemical weathering alters a…
